A review of advanced ground source heat pump control: Artificial intelligence for autonomous and adaptive control

Geothermal energy has the potential to contribute significantly to the CO₂ reduction targets as a renewable source for building heating and cooling but is yet under exploited, mostly due to its high initial investment cost. A lot of research is being carried out to optimise Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems’ design, but a good control strategy is also fundamental to achieve long-term performance and reduced payback time. GSHP control optimisation is a non-linear dynamic optimisation problem that is influenced by multiple parameters. It can thus not be fully optimised with traditional methods. Artificial Intelligence, and in particular Machine Learning, is suited for this type of optimisation as it can learn implicit relations between parameters and can address non-linearity. This paper reviews the challenges of GSHP control and the strategies for control optimisation found in the literature, from basic rule-based system to artificial neural network-based strategies. Two principal uses of Artificial Intelligence for ground source heat pump control are identified: building a predictive model of the system that reflects its real performances and optimising the control decision in real time. However, the examples found in the literature are limited and the need to further explore the benefits of Machine Learning is identified. The latest developments in the field are reviewed to explore their potential to further improve GSHP control. The challenges of the full implementation of such algorithms are also discussed.