An Integrated Hydrometallurgical–Electrodialysis Process for High-Purity Lithium Carbonate Recovery from Battery Waste

The rapid increase in end-of-life lithium-ion batteries demands sustainable recycling routes for lithium recovery. This work presents a novel integrated hydrometallurgical–electrodialysis process designed specifically for recovering lithium from off-specification NMC cathode materials while enabling full reagent recyclability. Selective leaching with oxalic acid was optimised by setting the water-to-oxalic acid dihydrate ratio (H₂O/OA·2H₂O) to 7.3:1 w/w, achieving 81% lithium extraction at room temperature within 2 h while limiting the co-dissolution of Ni, Co and Mn to 0.2%, 1.6% and 1.7% by weight, respectively. The resulting leachate was processed in a four-chamber electrodialysis cell equipped with two Nafion 117 cation-exchange membranes and one Neosepta AMX-fmg anion-exchange membrane operating at −1.6 V versus Ag/AgCl, enabling 96% lithium recovery and 98% oxalic acid recovery. The regenerated oxalic acid stream (41.8 g L⁻¹) was fully restored to its initial concentration and reused in successive cycles without performance loss. Subsequent precipitation of lithium with Na₂CO₃ yielded 99.3%-pure Li₂CO₃. This combined leaching–electrodialysis–precipitation presents a high selectivity, low-waste, circular recovery system, offering a scientifically original approach that integrates reagent regeneration with high-purity lithium production.