Low-speed longitudinal controllers for mass-produced cars: A comparative study

Four longitudinal control techniques are compared: a classical Proportional-Integral (PI) control; an advanced techniquecalled the i-PIthat adds an intelligent component to the PI; a fuzzy controller based on human experience; and an adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. The controllers were designed to tackle one of the challenging topics as yet unsolved by the automotive sector: managing autonomously a gasoline-propelled vehicle at very low speeds. The dynamics involved are highly nonlinear and constitute an excellent test-bed for newly designed controllers. A Citron C3 Pluriel car was modified to permit autonomous action on the accelerator and the brake pedalsi.e., longitudinal control. The controllers were tested in two stages. First, the vehicle was modeled to check the controllers' feasibility. Second, the controllers were then implemented in the Citron, and their behavior under the same conditions on an identical real circuit was compared.