TY - JOUR
T1 - On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings
AU - Suárez-Vega, Ana
AU - Berriozabal, Gemma
AU - Perez de Iriarte, Juan
AU - Lorenzo, Jaione
AU - Álvarez, Noelia
AU - Dominguez-Meister, Santiago
AU - Insausti, Sara
AU - Rujas, Edurne
AU - Nieva, Jose L.
AU - Brizuela, Marta
AU - Braceras, Iñigo
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors
PY - 2024/4/30
Y1 - 2024/4/30
N2 - Preventing microbiological surface contamination in public spaces is nowadays of high priority. The proliferation of a microbial infection may arise through air, water, or direct contact with infected surfaces. Chemical sanitization is one of the most effective approaches to avoid the proliferation of microorganisms. However, extended contact with chemicals for cleaning purposes such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide or ethanol may lead to long-term diseases as well as drowsiness or respiratory issues, not to mention environmental issues associated to their use. As a potentially safer alternative, in the present work, the efficacy and endurance of the antimicrobial activity of different sol-gel coatings were studied, where one or two biocides were added to the coating matrix resulting on active groups exposed on the surface. Specifically, the coating formulations were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Using the alkoxide route with acid catalysis a hybrid silica-titania-methacrylate matrix was obtained where aromatic liquid eugenol was added with a double function: as a complexing agent for the chelation of the reaction precursor titanium isopropoxide, and as a biocide. In addition, 2-Phenylphenol, ECHA approved biocide, has also been incorporated to the coating matrix. The antibacterial effect of these coatings was confirmed on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Additionally, the coatings were non cyto-toxic and displayed virucidal activity. The coating chemical composition was characterized by 29Si NMR, and ATR-FTIR. Furthermore, the thickness and the mechanical properties were characterized by profilometry and nanoindentation, respectively. Finally, the durability of the coatings was studied with tribology tests. Overall, our data support the efficacy of the tested sol-gel coatings and suggest that added features may be required to improve endurance of the antimicrobial effects on operational conditions.
AB - Preventing microbiological surface contamination in public spaces is nowadays of high priority. The proliferation of a microbial infection may arise through air, water, or direct contact with infected surfaces. Chemical sanitization is one of the most effective approaches to avoid the proliferation of microorganisms. However, extended contact with chemicals for cleaning purposes such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide or ethanol may lead to long-term diseases as well as drowsiness or respiratory issues, not to mention environmental issues associated to their use. As a potentially safer alternative, in the present work, the efficacy and endurance of the antimicrobial activity of different sol-gel coatings were studied, where one or two biocides were added to the coating matrix resulting on active groups exposed on the surface. Specifically, the coating formulations were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Using the alkoxide route with acid catalysis a hybrid silica-titania-methacrylate matrix was obtained where aromatic liquid eugenol was added with a double function: as a complexing agent for the chelation of the reaction precursor titanium isopropoxide, and as a biocide. In addition, 2-Phenylphenol, ECHA approved biocide, has also been incorporated to the coating matrix. The antibacterial effect of these coatings was confirmed on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Additionally, the coatings were non cyto-toxic and displayed virucidal activity. The coating chemical composition was characterized by 29Si NMR, and ATR-FTIR. Furthermore, the thickness and the mechanical properties were characterized by profilometry and nanoindentation, respectively. Finally, the durability of the coatings was studied with tribology tests. Overall, our data support the efficacy of the tested sol-gel coatings and suggest that added features may be required to improve endurance of the antimicrobial effects on operational conditions.
KW - 2-Phenylphenol
KW - Antibacterial
KW - Durability
KW - Eugenol
KW - Sol-gel
KW - Virucide
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85189895265&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29146
DO - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29146
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85189895265
SN - 2405-8440
VL - 10
JO - Heliyon
JF - Heliyon
IS - 8
M1 - e29146
ER -