A roadmap to a low-cost anion exchange membrane unitized regenerative fuel cell

A unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) is a device that converts and stores electricity generated from renewable sources into hydrogen, which may subsequently be converted back into electricity as needed. The commercialization of traditional proton exchange membranes and alkaline URFCs is hampered by the high cost of platinum group electrocatalysts and the differential pressure required to connect a URFC to renewable energy sources. The anion exchange membrane-based unitized regenerative fuel cell (AEM-URFC) is a promising option for large-scale renewable energy storage and hydrogen generation. It does not require a costly platinum metal catalyst, and it is readily incorporated into renewable energy systems. This is new technology in its infancy, and thus it requires a potential roadmap for sustainable growth, prior to its commercialization. This review describes recent advances made in the creation of AEM-URFC modules and their performance. It also presents comparisons with conventional technology and a brief economic analysis. The purpose is to summarize recent developments and then to recognise gaps in the existing literature. It concludes with a discussion of some challenges and suggestions for potential actions relevant to the development of long-lasting AEM-URFCs.