Ladle furnace slag as cement replacement in mortar mixes

Ladle furnace slag is a significant by-product of the steel-making industry. Depending on the production conditions, the steel-refining process yields two types of basic slag, which are either low or high in silica and alumina, depending on the fluxing temperature and the saturation method. The present investigation focuses on the feasibility of producing mortar mixes, by incorporating both ladle furnace slag types in partial replacement of Portland cement, in amounts of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. The fresh and hardened properties of the mortars are analysed, and the hydraulic properties of both types of ladle slag are evaluated. These kinds of by-products are affordable applications in mortars that add useful qualities to the building materials. Their use in partial replacement of cement contributes to global sustainability through the reduction of cement consumption, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions.