Next generation 2D materials for anodes in battery applications

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, for instance, graphene/graphene derivatives, transition metal-dichalcogenides (TMDs), and MXenes (e.g. transition metal carbides (TMCs) as well as nitrides (TMNs)) are under increasing research attention due to their unique physical, mechanical, magnetic, electrical, optical, and chemical properties. They are explored for a variety of applications, including energy generation and storage systems. Notwithstanding the developing interest in these materials, with respect to the later area, there is an absence of comprehensive overview and analysis on the synthesis and application of 2D materials aimed at lithium (Li) ion batteries. In this review, we have gathered and discussed the main issues faced by the different methods involved in the synthesis of 2D inorganic materials and their composites, along with their main properties in addition to applications for lithium, sodium (Na), and potassium (K) ion batteries. In addition, the problems raised during the charging and discharging of batteries for those materials are also discussed and possible proposed solutions are also included here. Overall, this review provides a road-map on current demands and future research directions on 2D materials to address the critical limitations of Li, Na and K ion batteries, for the afterward generation of high-performance energy storage systems.