@inproceedings{227a09a994914103b9fa42233d307d4a,
title = "Skin properties and the influence on electrode design for transcutaneous (surface) electrical stimulation",
abstract = "Stimulation electrodes play an important role in interfacing the tissue with an electrical stimulation system. Between the electrode and the excitable tissues a number of obstacles in form of tissue resistivities are present. For transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) skin, fat and muscle tissue properties strongly influence current pathways and distribution. Some of these properties can be experimentally measured, but others are more difficult to be correctly assessed. Modeling can help to analyze and differentiate influences of structures and tissue properties on current pathways. However, non-linearities and active behavior of cellular structures need to be considered. Specifically for TES applications with rather high current densities as they occur in selective muscle stimulation active current pathways are important. Homogeneous electrode materials with high resistivities can improve current homogeneity through skin layers.",
keywords = "Current density, High impedance stimulation electrodes, Transcutaneous electrical stimulation",
author = "Thierry Keller and Andreas Kuhn",
year = "2009",
doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-03889-1\_131",
language = "English",
isbn = "9783642038884",
series = "IFMBE Proceedings",
publisher = "Springer Verlag",
number = "9",
pages = "492--495",
booktitle = "World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering",
address = "Germany",
edition = "9",
note = "World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering: Neuroengineering, Neural Systems, Rehabilitation and Prosthetics ; Conference date: 07-09-2009 Through 12-09-2009",
}